麻豆传媒

IT鈥橲 easy not to trash the planet 鈥� if you鈥檙e dirt poor and die young. But is it possible for all of us to live long and satisfying lives without costing the Earth? That鈥檚 the question behind a measure of national well-being called the Happy Planet Index (HPI). Its latest update, released this week ahead of the Rio+20 summit on sustainable development, names Costa Rica as the world鈥檚 most 鈥渄eveloped鈥� nation and puts the US on the sick list.

聯Costa Rica is the most 鈥榙eveloped鈥� nation on the Happy Planet Index 鈥� the US is on the sick list聰

To show how different the world looks when viewed according to the HPI, rather than conventional wealth, 麻豆传媒 applied distorting lenses. In the top map, countries are sized according to their GDP, and shaded by GDP per capita. As sub-Saharan Africa almost shrinks from view, western Europe, the US and Japan swell and flush a deep red.

But this wealth has fuelled massively unsustainable use of natural resources (see 鈥�Peak planet: are we starting to consume less?鈥�). of the New Economics Foundation in London developed HPI as an alternative measure, 鈥渢o capture the tension between good lives now and good lives in the future鈥�.

HPI measures nations鈥� success in delivering long and contented lives, the latter determined by . These scores are then diminished according to each nation鈥檚 : the total area needed to provide the average citizen鈥檚 food and other materials, and to absorb their carbon dioxide emissions.

In the larger map, countries are shaded according to HPI scores, with deeper greens showing countries that are most efficient at converting natural resources into long and satisfying lives for their citizens. Nations are sized according to HPI multiplied by population, giving a 鈥済ross鈥� HPI comparable to GDP. This helps reveal countries whose sustainability will most influence the planet鈥檚 overall health.

There are various ways to achieve a good HPI score. Latin American nations tend to do well on life satisfaction, but Costa Rica stands out for pushing life expectancy beyond the US average and adopting strong environmental policies. Other surprising 鈥渨inners鈥� include Bangladesh, where 150 million people, crowded into an area smaller than Florida, despite meagre consumption.

The US provides a strong contrast. Its people live long, reasonably contented lives, but their profligate consumption explains the nation鈥檚 pale and emaciated appearance on our HPI map.

The big question is whether China and India can limit their footprints and turn their already large and rapidly growing economies a deeper green. The best hope, says Saamah Abdallah, lead author of the new HPI report, is that 鈥渆nlightened self-interest鈥� will send them down a more sustainable path (see 鈥�China leads the march for the green economy鈥�). 鈥淭hey鈥檙e not going to enjoy what we have in the west,鈥� he says, because available resources won鈥檛 allow it.

Everyone else, and especially the US and other high-consuming nations, will also have to pull their weight. Even Costa Rica鈥檚 footprint is too large to be sustainable in the long run, says of the Global Footprint Network in Oakland, California. And if China鈥檚 development continues to depend on satisfying the US鈥檚 insatiable demand for consumer goods, it will be hard to chart a sustainable course.

Given the Earth鈥檚 limited resources, a change of direction is badly needed for everyone鈥檚 good, says Marks: 鈥淭here鈥檚 no Planet B.鈥�