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Life

Reason destroys itself

By Roger Penrose

23 July 2008

Read about all the problems with reason in our special issue

DO WE know for certain that 2 plus 2 equals 4? Of course we don’t.

Maybe every time everybody in the whole world has ever done that calculation and reasoned it through, they’ve made a mistake. Maybe it isn’t 4, it’s really 5.

There is a very, very small chance that this has happened. But now I am talking about probabilities: I am using mathematics again, on the basis that it makes sense in the first place. So my reasoning is circular and, as often happens, you have to…

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