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This week’s new questions

How do sea molluscs create the consistent patterns of their shells? What is the advantage to walnuts and pecans of their convoluted kernel shapes?

28 January 2026

Close-up of a Cymbiola nobilis shell, also known as the noble volute, against a black background, featuring its distinctive zigzag patterns and smooth texture; Shutterstock ID 2637416271; purchase_order: -; job: -; client: -; other:

Shutterstock/Irina Zareva

How do sea molluscs create the consistent patterns on their shells? How do they know when and how to change the pigment?

Andrew Hawkins,
Peaslake, Surrey, UK

 

pecan nut; Shutterstock ID 356646077; purchase_order: -; job: -; client: -; other:

Shutterstock/matin

Most nuts have simple kernel shapes. What is the advantage to walnuts and pecans of their convoluted form?

Roger Miles,
St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK

 

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